---
catalog:
  uuid: 44df6de4-9db2-4508-b3f9-64559353a248
  metadata:
    title: Information security manual Essential Eight Maturity Level One Baseline
    last-modified: 2026-03-24T07:59:30.933629113Z
    version: 2026.03.24
    oscal-version: 1.1.2
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    - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/ism/oscal/v2026.03.24/artifacts/ISM_E8_ML1-baseline_profile.xml
      rel: source-profile
    roles:
    - id: prepared-by
      title: Document creator
    parties:
    - uuid: ae0012b5-2a98-4610-ba74-08928451a4c0
      type: organization
      name: Australian Cyber Security Centre
      short-name: ACSC
      links:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au
        rel: homepage
      email-addresses:
      - asd.assist@defence.gov.au
      addresses:
      - type: work
        addr-lines:
        - Australian Cyber Security Centre
        - General enquiries
        - PO Box 5076
        city: Kingston
        state: ACT
        postal-code: "2604"
        country: AU
    responsible-parties:
    - role-id: prepared-by
      party-uuids:
      - ae0012b5-2a98-4610-ba74-08928451a4c0
  groups:
  - title: Guidelines for personnel security
    props:
    - name: sort-id
      value: "catalog[1].group[08]"
    groups:
    - title: Access to systems and their resources
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[08].group[2]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # Security clearances

          Where these guidelines refer to security clearances, it applies to Australian security clearances or security clearances from a foreign government which are formally recognised by Australia.

          # Further information

          Further information on access to government resources, including required security clearances, can be found in the Department of Home Affairs’ [Protective Security Policy Framework](#92679127-f61d-486a-a93e-df2a26dfb07a).

          Further information on access to highly sensitive government resources, including required briefings, can be found in the Government Security Committee’s Australian Government Security Caveat Guidelines. This publication is available from the Protective Security Policy GovTEAMS community or the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation by email.

          Further information on restricting the use of privileged user accounts can be found in ASD’s [Restricting administrative privileges](#3ccea9a8-a728-4f5b-a0a8-43f2f206f76b) publication.

          Further information on administering systems and their resources can be found in the ‘System administration’ section of the [Guidelines for system management](#c6ca6620-ccd5-4c5d-b97c-9d92f1162948).

          Further information on event logging can be found in the ‘Event logging and monitoring’ section of the [Guidelines for system monitoring](#edc24216-f52b-4513-bcda-5fa564661999).
      groups:
      - title: Privileged access to systems
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[08].group[2].group[08]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            Privileged user accounts are considered those that can alter or circumvent system controls. This also applies to user accounts that may only have limited privileges but still have the ability to bypass some system controls.

            Privileged user accounts are often targeted by malicious actors as they can potentially give full access to systems and their resources. As such, ensuring that privileged user accounts are prevented from accessing the internet, email and web services minimises opportunities for these accounts to be compromised. However, if privileged user accounts are explicitly authorised to access online services, they should be strictly limited to only what is required for users and services to undertake their duties.

            Finally, centrally logging and analysing privileged access events, as well as privileged user account and security group management events, can assist in monitoring the security posture of systems and their resources, detecting malicious behaviour and contributing to investigations following cyber security incidents.
        controls:
        - id: ism-1507
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1507"
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            value: "4"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Jun-25
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
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            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
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            value: S
          - name: applicability
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            value: TS
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            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1507_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Requests for privileged access to systems and their resources are validated when first requested.
        - id: ism-1175
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1175"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[08].group[2].group[08].control[3]"
          - name: revision
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            value: "6"
          - name: updated
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            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
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            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
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          - name: applicability
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          parts:
          - id: ism-1175_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Privileged user accounts (excluding those explicitly authorised to access online services) are prevented from accessing the internet, email and web services."
        - id: ism-1883
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1883"
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          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[08].group[2].group[08].control[4]"
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            value: "1"
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            value: Sep-24
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            value: NC
          - name: applicability
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            value: OS
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          - name: applicability
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            value: S
          - name: applicability
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            value: TS
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            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1883_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Privileged user accounts explicitly authorised to access online services are strictly limited to only what is required for users and services to undertake their duties.
        - id: ism-0445
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-0445"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[08].group[2].group[08].control[6]"
          - name: revision
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            value: "8"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
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            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
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            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-0445_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Privileged users are assigned a dedicated privileged user account to be used solely for duties requiring privileged access.
  - title: Guidelines for system hardening
    props:
    - name: sort-id
      value: "catalog[1].group[15]"
    groups:
    - title: Operating system hardening
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # Further information

          Further information on cyber supply chain risk management can be found in the ‘Cyber supply chain risk management’ section of the [Guidelines for procurement and outsourcing](#f37a4848-0791-4870-b316-5536c2681c28).

          Further information on vendors that have made a pledge to implement Secure by Design and Secure by Default principles and practices can be found on the United States’ Cybersecurity \& Infrastructure Security Agency’s [Secure by Design Pledge](#4974639a-f41a-4280-ae06-33d1f13d6083) website.

          Further information on patching or updating operating systems can be found in the ‘System patching’ section of the [Guidelines for system management](#c6ca6620-ccd5-4c5d-b97c-9d92f1162948).

          Further information on hardening Microsoft Windows operating systems can be found in ASD’s [Hardening Microsoft Windows 10 workstations](#9209d9cd-86c1-486f-890e-1edfa4545093) and [Hardening Microsoft Windows 11 workstations](#43fbcaf9-03a3-493a-83be-9340a37778fa) publications.

          Further information on hardening Microsoft Windows operating systems can also be found in Microsoft’s [Windows 11 Security Book](#63bba9d2-127e-41d5-b735-e0cf3fe4b9aa) and on the [Microsoft Security Baselines Blog](#0bf3a1ef-031a-419b-80c3-08a08b1cee9d) website.

          Further information on hardening Linux workstations and servers can be found in ASD’s [Hardening Linux workstations and servers](#8132c47e-a2dc-4dd9-81d6-38db96e5cec6) publication.

          Further information on [exploit protection functionality](#d0df96bb-7236-4784-8f54-2cb6335ad228) within Microsoft Windows is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on implementing application control can be found in ASD’s [Implementing application control](#4eeff329-cea0-4baf-a80b-8b0b76436075) publication.

          Further information on Microsoft’s [recommended application blocklist](#5a2ed3ef-afcc-485e-8014-5107e9ed97e3) and [vulnerable driver blocklist](#4a3a265f-7772-433b-9906-7f784052f28b) are available from Microsoft.

          Further information on [command line process logging](#0a1508c0-b062-4d85-8ded-a95316e17a3a) is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on the use of PowerShell can be found in ASD’s [Securing PowerShell in the enterprise](#8ffea524-0974-4b53-a8f5-41166073ede5) publication.

          Further information on [the use of PowerShell by blue teams](#7d22400c-ddef-4cbb-90f1-7502dc569e5b) is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on obtaining [greater visibility through PowerShell logging](#af0810aa-3486-4ca6-a48a-fad8ce9ac193) is available from Google.

          Further information on independent testing of security products’ ability to [detect or prevent various stages of network intrusions](#3a1a00f6-2f56-4d04-b99d-6f1682b95a98) is available from MITRE.

          Further information on independent testing of antivirus applications is available from [AV-Comparatives](#c852e735-4920-4616-8e34-2fddfb49eea8) and [AV-TEST](#18203e18-2aca-492e-be44-770b2f47242f).

          Further information on the use of removable media can be found in the ‘Media usage’ section of the [Guidelines for media](#b594c9c0-b42f-4f06-b643-38023275a5c7).

          Further information on event logging can be found in the ‘Event logging and monitoring’ section of the [Guidelines for system monitoring](#edc24216-f52b-4513-bcda-5fa564661999).

          Further information on security-relevant events to monitor for Apple macOS, Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems can be found in the following ASD publications:

          - [Hardening Microsoft Windows 10 workstations](#9209d9cd-86c1-486f-890e-1edfa4545093)
          - [Hardening Microsoft Windows 11 workstations](#43fbcaf9-03a3-493a-83be-9340a37778fa)
          - [Priority logs for SIEM ingestion: Practitioner guidance](#1dbda98a-4e8b-4a52-b4f7-9d1a895fd324)
          - [Windows event logging and forwarding](#de239dae-d1e8-4969-9680-ef3444d32a83).
      groups:
      - title: Hardening operating system configurations
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1].group[04]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "When operating systems are deployed in their default state, or with an unapproved configuration, it can lead to an insecure operating environment that may allow malicious actors to gain an initial foothold on networks. Many settings exist within operating systems to allow them to be configured in an approved secure state in order to minimise this security risk. As such, the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and vendors often produce hardening guidance to assist in hardening the configuration of operating systems. Note, however, in situations where ASD and vendor hardening guidance conflicts, precedence should be given to implementing the most restrictive guidance."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1654
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1654"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1].group[04].control[06]"
          - name: revision
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            value: "0"
          - name: updated
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            value: Sep-21
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            value: TS
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            value: ML1
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            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1654_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Internet Explorer 11 is disabled or removed.
      - title: Application control
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1].group[06]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            Application control can be an effective way to not only prevent malicious code from executing on workstations and servers, but also to ensure only approved applications can execute. When developing application control rulesets, determining approved executables (e.g. .exe and .com files), libraries (e.g. .dll and.ocx files), scripts (e.g. .ps1, .bat, .cmd, .vbs and .js files), installers (e.g. .msi, .msp and .mst files), compiled HTML (e.g. .chm files), HTML applications (e.g. .hta files), control panel applets (e.g. .cpl files) and drivers based on business requirements is a more secure method than simply approving those already residing on a workstation or server. Furthermore, it is preferable that an organisation defines their own application control rulesets, rather than relying on those from application control vendors, and validate them on an annual or more frequent basis.

            In implementing application control, an organisation should use a reliable method, or combination of methods, such as cryptographic hash rules, publisher certificate rules or path rules. Depending on the method chosen, further hardening may be required to ensure that application control mechanisms and application control rulesets cannot be bypassed by malicious actors.

            Finally, centrally logging and analysing application control events can assist in monitoring the security posture of systems, detecting malicious behaviour and contributing to investigations following cyber security incidents.
        controls:
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          title: "Control: ism-0843"
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          - name: sort-id
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            value: "9"
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            value: Sep-21
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            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-0843_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Application control is implemented on workstations.
        - id: ism-1870
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1870"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1].group[06].control[04]"
          - name: revision
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            value: "0"
          - name: updated
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            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
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            value: NC
          - name: applicability
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            value: OS
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            value: TS
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            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1870_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Application control is applied to user profiles and temporary folders used by operating systems, web browsers and email clients."
        - id: ism-1657
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1657"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[1].group[06].control[06]"
          - name: revision
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            value: "1"
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            value: Sep-25
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            value: NC
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            value: OS
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            value: TS
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            value: ML1
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            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1657_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Application control restricts the execution of executables, libraries, scripts, installers, compiled HTML, HTML applications and control panel applets to an organisation-approved set."
    - title: User application hardening
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # User applications

          This section is applicable to user applications typically installed on user workstations, such as office productivity suites, web browsers and their extensions, email clients, Portable Document Format (PDF) applications, and security products (e.g. antivirus applications, device access control applications, HIPS and software firewalls). Information on server applications can be found in the ‘Server application hardening’ section of these guidelines.

          # Further information

          Further information on cyber supply chain risk management can be found in the ‘Cyber supply chain risk management’ section of the [Guidelines for procurement and outsourcing](#f37a4848-0791-4870-b316-5536c2681c28).

          Further information on vendors that have made a pledge to implement Secure by Design and Secure by Default principles and practices can be found on the United States’ Cybersecurity \& Infrastructure Security Agency’s [Secure by Design Pledge](#4974639a-f41a-4280-ae06-33d1f13d6083) website.

          Further information on patching or updating user applications can be found in the ‘System patching’ section of the [Guidelines for system management](#c6ca6620-ccd5-4c5d-b97c-9d92f1162948).

          Further information on the implementation and configuration of security products can be found in the ‘Operating system hardening’ section of these guidelines.

          Further information on hardening Microsoft Office can be found in ASD’s [Hardening Microsoft 365, Office 2021, Office 2019 and Office 2016](#58c9abfb-58fe-416e-a279-dfbfe123c99f) publication.

          Further information on hardening Microsoft Office can also be found on the [Microsoft Security Baselines Blog](#0bf3a1ef-031a-419b-80c3-08a08b1cee9d) website.

          Further information on hardening Microsoft Edge can be found on the [Microsoft Security Baselines Blog](#0bf3a1ef-031a-419b-80c3-08a08b1cee9d) website.

          Further information on hardening Google Chrome can be found in Google’s [Chrome Browser Enterprise Security Configuration Guide (Windows)](#741ab440-5759-4571-894d-e499dea3a54c).

          Further information on hardening Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat can be found in Adobe’s [Security Configuration Guide for Acrobat](#9ad09461-7b3d-4faf-bdcd-61df9952cf49) publication.

          Further information on Microsoft’s attack surface reduction rules can be found on Microsoft’s [attack surface reduction rules overview](#82ae76a4-ed9e-4a7b-8bad-f1950c41eab7) website.

          Further information on configuring Microsoft Office macro settings can be found in ASD’s [Restricting Microsoft Office macros](#dfb52998-0e7e-420d-97e1-d1313c8f919a) publication.
      groups:
      - title: Hardening user application configurations
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[3]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "When user applications are deployed in their default state, or with an unapproved configuration, it can lead to an insecure operating environment that may allow malicious actors to gain an initial foothold on networks. This can be especially risky for office productivity suites, web browsers and their extensions, email clients, PDF applications, and security products as such applications are routinely targeted for exploitation. Many settings exist within such applications to allow them to be configured in an approved secure state in order to minimise this security risk. As such, ASD and vendors often produce hardening guidance to assist in hardening the configuration of these applications. Note, however, in situations where ASD and vendor hardening guidance conflicts, precedence should be given to implementing the most restrictive guidance."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1486
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1486"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[3].control[11]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1486_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Web browsers do not process Java from the internet.
        - id: ism-1485
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1485"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[3].control[12]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1485_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Web browsers do not process web advertisements from the internet.
        - id: ism-1585
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1585"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[3].control[14]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Mar-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1585_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Web browser security settings cannot be changed by users.
      - title: Microsoft Office macros
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[4]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "Microsoft Office files can contain embedded code, known as a macro, written in the Visual Basic for Applications programming language. A macro can contain a series of commands that can be coded or recorded and replayed at a later time to automate repetitive tasks. Macros are powerful tools that can be easily created by users to greatly improve their productivity. However, malicious actors can also create macros to perform a variety of malicious activities, such as assisting to compromise workstations in order to exfiltrate or deny access to data. To reduce this security risk, an organisation should disable Microsoft Office macros for users that do not have a demonstrated business requirement and secure their use for the remaining users that do."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1671
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1671"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[4].control[01]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1671_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Microsoft Office macros are disabled for users that do not have a demonstrated business requirement.
        - id: ism-1488
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1488"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[4].control[02]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1488_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Microsoft Office macros in files originating from the internet are blocked.
        - id: ism-1672
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1672"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[4].control[03]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1672_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Microsoft Office macro antivirus scanning is enabled.
        - id: ism-1489
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1489"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[2].group[4].control[11]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-18
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1489_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Microsoft Office macro security settings cannot be changed by users.
    - title: Authentication hardening
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # User accounts and authentication types

          The guidance within this section is equally applicable to all user accounts unless specified otherwise. This includes unprivileged user accounts and privileged user accounts, which includes break glass accounts and service accounts. In addition, the guidance is equally applicable to interactive authentication and non-interactive authentication.

          # Further information

          Further information on implementing multi-factor authentication can be found in ASD’s [Implementing multi-factor authentication](#83e3a9b1-5057-4531-91dd-03c8d92634b0) publication.

          Further information on event logging can be found in the ‘Event logging and monitoring’ section of the [Guidelines for system monitoring](#edc24216-f52b-4513-bcda-5fa564661999).

          Further information on [randomly generating passphrases](#58282062-5c17-476a-98b1-105a627cd28d) is available from the Electronic Frontier Foundation while a [random dice roller](#0508be6f-cb97-44da-b212-42416a0048b0) is available from RANDOM.ORG.

          Further information on how to [secure group Managed Service Accounts](#91b92563-d991-40fa-9adc-548df9f6c496) in Microsoft Windows Server is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on changing credentials for the Kerberos Key Distribution Center’s service account can be found in Microsoft’s [Active Directory accounts](#ae426d0a-adb6-43b8-a463-faa33e83b679) and [Active Directory Forest Recovery - Reset the krbtgt password](#3e5a98e5-9219-46c8-81c2-e3a4d13407ce) publications. A script for [changing credentials for this service account](#f74ba095-a7f7-4b8c-9e60-5fe84f2a2d0b) is also available from Microsoft.

          Further information [memory integrity functionality](#d446dea3-c36d-45af-9623-05b686624af0) is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on [Local Security Authority protection functionality](#3f43c8d2-8a8c-4e2f-af80-48a607bce643) is available from Microsoft.

          Further information on [Credential Guard functionality](#8d53ee7f-54c2-4380-8408-f7403db30ba1) and [Remote Credential Guard functionality](#92975dff-58e0-4813-842b-f27c0533ca56) is available from Microsoft.
      groups:
      - title: Multi-factor authentication
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            Multi-factor authentication uses two or more different authentication factors. This may include:

            - something users know, such as a password
            - something users have, such as a security key, smart card, passkey, smartphone or one-time password token
            - something users are, such as a fingerprint pattern or their facial geometry.

            Users of online services, privileged users of systems and users with access to data repositories are more likely to be targeted by malicious actors due to their access. For this reason, it is especially important that multi-factor authentication is used for these user accounts. In addition, multi-factor authentication is vital to any administrative activities as it can limit the consequences of a compromise by preventing or slowing malicious actors’ ability to gain unrestricted access to assets. In this regard, multi-factor authentication can be implemented as part of jump server authentication where assets being administered do not support multi-factor authentication themselves.

            When implementing multi-factor authentication, several different authentication factors can be implemented. Unfortunately, some authentication factors, such as biometrics or codes sent via Short Message Service, Voice over Internet Protocol or email, are more susceptible to compromise than others. For this reason, authentication factors that involve something users have should be used with something users know. Alternatively, something users have that is unlocked by something users know or are (often known as passwordless multi-factor authentication) can be used. Furthermore, for increased security, the use of phishing-resistant multi-factor authentication is recommended to protect against real-time phishing attacks.

            Finally, centrally logging and analysing multi-factor authentication events can assist in monitoring the security posture of systems, detecting malicious behaviour and contributing to investigations following cyber security incidents.
        controls:
        - id: ism-1504
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1504"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[01]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "3"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1504_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication is used to authenticate users to their organisation’s online services that process, store or communicate their organisation’s sensitive data."
        - id: ism-1679
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1679"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[02]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1679_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication is used to authenticate users to third-party online services that process, store or communicate their organisation’s sensitive data."
        - id: ism-1680
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1680"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[03]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1680_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication (where available) is used to authenticate users to third-party online services that process, store or communicate their organisation’s non-sensitive data."
        - id: ism-1892
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1892"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[04]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1892_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication is used to authenticate users to their organisation’s online customer services that process, store or communicate their organisation’s sensitive customer data."
        - id: ism-1893
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1893"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[05]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1893_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication is used to authenticate users to third-party online customer services that process, store or communicate their organisation’s sensitive customer data."
        - id: ism-1681
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1681"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[06]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "3"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1681_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication is used to authenticate customers to online customer services that process, store or communicate sensitive customer data."
        - id: ism-1401
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1401"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[15].group[4].group[03].control[11]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "5"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1401_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Multi-factor authentication uses either: something users have and something users know, or something users have that is unlocked by something users know or are."
  - title: Guidelines for system management
    props:
    - name: sort-id
      value: "catalog[1].group[16]"
    groups:
    - title: System administration
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[1]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # System administration of cloud services

          System administration of cloud services brings unique challenges when compared to system administration of on-premises assets. Notably, responsibility for system administration of cloud services is often shared between service providers and their customers. As the system administration processes and procedures implemented by service providers are often opaque to their customers, customers should consider a service provider’s control plane to operate within a different security domain.

          # Further information

          Further information on system administration can be found in the Australian Signals Directorate’s (ASD) [Secure administration](#131048c7-a2e7-4da3-9257-7a058b06c1f8) publication.

          Further information on change and configuration management plans can be found in the ‘System-specific cyber security documentation’ section of the [Guidelines for cyber security documentation](#578d0434-6b3f-46f3-aad8-c7ac75c2ebcc).

          Further information on the use of privileged user accounts for system administration activities can be found in the ‘Access to systems and their resources’ section of the [Guidelines for personnel security](#7d16ae67-87a7-4861-b939-e13ec279b5a2).

          Further information on network segmentation and segregation can be found in the ‘Network design and configuration’ section of the [Guidelines for networking](#f145ff5b-d396-4248-8f48-621349d6f0ed).
      groups:
      - title: Separate privileged operating environments
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[1].group[2]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            One of the greatest threats to the security of networks is the compromise of privileged user accounts. Providing a separate privileged operating environment for system administrators, in addition to their unprivileged operating environment, makes it much harder for administrative activities and privileged user accounts to be compromised by malicious actors.

            Using different physical workstations, with one being a dedicated Secure Admin Workstation, is the most secure approach to separating privileged and unprivileged operating environments for system administrators. However, a trusted and hardened virtualisation-based solution may be sufficient for separating privileged and unprivileged operating environments on the same Secure Admin Workstation. In such cases, privileged operating environments should not be virtualised within unprivileged operating environments.
        controls:
        - id: ism-1380
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1380"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[1].group[2].control[2]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "5"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1380_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Privileged users use separate privileged and unprivileged operating environments.
        - id: ism-1688
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1688"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[1].group[2].control[4]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1688_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Unprivileged user accounts cannot logon to privileged operating environments.
        - id: ism-1689
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1689"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[1].group[2].control[5]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1689_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Privileged user accounts (excluding local administrator accounts) cannot logon to unprivileged operating environments.
    - title: System patching
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # Further information

          Further information on system patching can be found in ASD’s [Patching applications and operating systems](#02fb4cb5-e4c4-4097-97a2-f1b6aa04131a) publication.

          Further information on patching evaluated products can be found in the ‘Evaluated product usage’ section of the [Guidelines for evaluated products](#a699a3aa-828d-479b-b50b-98127bb19437).

          Further information on managing risks associated with legacy IT can be found in ASD’s [Managing the risks of legacy IT: Executive guidance](#065263a6-4634-4a52-bd3f-48b83bf437d8) and [Managing the risks of legacy IT: Practitioner guidance](#089badd3-ed47-4597-8b1f-bce3e42f4ac4) publications.

          Further information on cessation of support for Microsoft Windows operating systems, including potential compensating controls for use beyond their cessation date for support, can be found in ASD’s [End of support for Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Windows Server](#d36ce452-ec21-4b05-89c1-f29a444a3dca) publication.

          Further information on hardening user applications can be found in the ‘User application hardening’ section of the [Guidelines for system hardening](#de7525f3-a466-40a5-abdd-3ae24a6d1b44).

          Further information on hardening server applications can be found in the ‘Server application hardening’ section of the [Guidelines for system hardening](#de7525f3-a466-40a5-abdd-3ae24a6d1b44).
      groups:
      - title: Scanning for unmitigated vulnerabilities
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "To ensure that patches or updates are being applied to applications, operating systems, drivers and firmware, it is essential that an organisation regularly identifies all assets within their environment using an automated method of asset discovery, such as an asset discovery tool or a vulnerability scanner with equivalent functionality. Following asset discovery, identified assets can be scanned for missing patches or updates using a vulnerability scanner with an up-to-date vulnerability database. Ideally, vulnerability scanning should be conducted in an automated manner and take place at twice the frequency in which patches or updates need to be applied. For example, if patches or updates are to be applied within two weeks of release then vulnerability scanning should be undertaken at least weekly."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1807
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1807"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[01]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-22
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1807_smt
            name: statement
            prose: An automated method of asset discovery is used at least fortnightly to support the detection of assets for subsequent vulnerability scanning activities.
        - id: ism-1808
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1808"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[02]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-22
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1808_smt
            name: statement
            prose: A vulnerability scanner with an up-to-date vulnerability database is used for vulnerability scanning activities.
        - id: ism-1698
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1698"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[03]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1698_smt
            name: statement
            prose: A vulnerability scanner is used at least daily to identify missing patches or updates for vulnerabilities in online services.
        - id: ism-1699
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1699"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[04]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Jun-25
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1699_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "A vulnerability scanner is used at least weekly to identify missing patches or updates for vulnerabilities in office productivity suites, web browsers and their extensions, email clients, PDF applications, and security products."
        - id: ism-1701
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1701"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[06]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1701_smt
            name: statement
            prose: A vulnerability scanner is used at least daily to identify missing patches or updates for vulnerabilities in operating systems of internet-facing servers and internet-facing network devices.
        - id: ism-1702
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1702"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[3].control[07]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1702_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "A vulnerability scanner is used at least fortnightly to identify missing patches or updates for vulnerabilities in operating systems of workstations, non-internet-facing servers and non-internet-facing network devices."
      - title: Mitigating known vulnerabilities
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            When patches or updates are released by vendors for vulnerabilities, an organisation should apply them in a timeframe commensurate with the likelihood of attempted exploitation by malicious actors. For example, by prioritising patches or updates for vulnerabilities in online services as well as operating systems of internet-facing servers and internet-facing network devices. This is especially important when vulnerabilities are assessed as critical by vendors or working exploits exist.

            If no patches or updates are available for vulnerabilities, mitigation advice from vendors, trustworthy authorities or security researchers may provide some protection until patches or updates are made available. Such mitigation advice may be published in conjunction with, or soon after, announcements made relating to vulnerabilities. Mitigation advice may cover how to disable or block access to vulnerable functionality, how to reconfigure vulnerable functionality, or how to detect attempted or successful exploitation of vulnerable functionality.

            If a patch or update is released for high assurance IT equipment, ASD will conduct an assessment of the patch or update. Subsequently, if the patch or update is approved for deployment, ASD will provide guidance on the methods and timeframes in which it is to be applied.
        controls:
        - id: ism-1876
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1876"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[01]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1876_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in online services are applied within 48 hours of release when vulnerabilities are assessed as critical by vendors or when working exploits exist."
        - id: ism-1690
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1690"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[02]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1690_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in online services are applied within two weeks of release when vulnerabilities are assessed as non-critical by vendors and no working exploits exist."
        - id: ism-1691
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1691"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[03]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Jun-25
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          parts:
          - id: ism-1691_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in office productivity suites, web browsers and their extensions, email clients, PDF applications, and security products are applied within two weeks of release."
        - id: ism-1877
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1877"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[07]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1877_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in operating systems of internet-facing servers and internet-facing network devices are applied within 48 hours of release when vulnerabilities are assessed as critical by vendors or when working exploits exist."
        - id: ism-1694
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1694"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[08]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1694_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in operating systems of internet-facing servers and internet-facing network devices are applied within two weeks of release when vulnerabilities are assessed as non-critical by vendors and no working exploits exist."
        - id: ism-1695
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1695"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[4].control[09]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "2"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          parts:
          - id: ism-1695_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Patches, updates or other vendor mitigations for vulnerabilities in operating systems of workstations, non-internet-facing servers and non-internet-facing network devices are applied within one month of release."
      - title: Cessation of support
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[5]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: |-
            When applications, operating systems, network devices and networked IT equipment reach their cessation date for support, and become legacy IT, an organisation will find it increasingly difficult to protect them against vulnerabilities as patches, updates and other forms of support will no longer be made available by vendors. As such, unsupported applications, operating systems, network devices and networked IT equipment should be removed or replaced.

            In planning for cessation of support, it is important to note that while vendors generally advise the cessation date for support of operating systems well in advance, some applications, network devices and networked IT equipment may cease to receive support immediately after newer versions are released.

            Finally, when the immediate removal or replacement of unsupported applications, operating systems, network devices or networked IT equipment is not possible, compensating controls should be implemented until such time that they can be removed or replaced.
        controls:
        - id: ism-1905
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1905"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[5].control[1]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "0"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1905_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Online services that are no longer supported by vendors are removed.
        - id: ism-1704
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1704"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[5].control[2]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "3"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Jun-25
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1704_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Office productivity suites, web browsers and their extensions, email clients, PDF applications, Adobe Flash Player, and security products that are no longer supported by vendors are removed."
        - id: ism-1501
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1501"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[2].group[5].control[4]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-21
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1501_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Operating systems that are no longer supported by vendors are replaced.
    - title: Data backup and restoration
      props:
      - name: sort-id
        value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3]"
      parts:
      - name: overview
        prose: |-
          # Further information

          Further information on [digital preservation planning](#53da8dba-961e-4222-94e0-68cb9510384d) and [data retention](#348be728-4459-4447-990e-1dfb3049c71f) is available from the National Archives of Australia.

          Further information on the collection and retention of personal information can be found in the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner’s [Australian Privacy Principles](#bac2c6f2-9356-46d2-b7c4-9af7393008df) and the associated [Australian Privacy Principles guidelines](#1e4a57a2-2832-441d-8ea4-12a98d2be417).

          Further information on business continuity and disaster recovery planning can be found in the ‘Chief information security officer’ section of the [Guidelines for cyber security roles](#626dab35-81ab-45fe-8c12-0faff1c23c07).
      groups:
      - title: Performing and retaining backups
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[3]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "To mitigate the security risk of losing system availability or data as part of a ransomware attack, or other form of destructive attack, backups of data, applications and settings should be performed and retained in accordance with an organisation’s business criticality and business continuity requirements. In doing so, backups of all data, applications and settings should be synchronised to enable restoration to a common point in time. Furthermore, it is essential that all backups are retained in a secure and resilient manner. This will ensure that should a system fall victim to a ransomware attack, or other form of destructive attack, data will not be lost and, if necessary, systems can be quickly restored."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1511
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1511"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[3].control[1]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "4"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1511_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Backups of data, applications and settings are performed and retained in accordance with business criticality and business continuity requirements."
        - id: ism-1810
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1810"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[3].control[2]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1810_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Backups of data, applications and settings are synchronised to enable restoration to a common point in time."
        - id: ism-1811
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1811"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[3].control[3]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1811_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Backups of data, applications and settings are retained in a secure and resilient manner."
      - title: Backup access
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[4]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "To mitigate the security risk of unauthorised access to backups, an organisation should ensure that access to backups is controlled through the use of appropriate access controls."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1812
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1812"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[4].control[1]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1812_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Unprivileged user accounts cannot access backups belonging to other user accounts.
      - title: Backup modification and deletion
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[5]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "To mitigate the security risk of backups being accidentally or maliciously modified or deleted, an organisation should ensure that backups are sufficiently protected from unauthorised modification and deletion through the use of appropriate access controls during their retention period."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1814
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1814"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[5].control[1]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "1"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Sep-24
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1814_smt
            name: statement
            prose: Unprivileged user accounts are prevented from modifying and deleting backups.
      - title: Testing restoration of backups
        props:
        - name: sort-id
          value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[6]"
        parts:
        - name: overview
          prose: "To ensure that backups can be restored when the need arises, and that any dependencies can be identified and managed beforehand, it is important that the restoration of data, applications and settings from backups to a common point in time is tested in a coordinated manner as part of disaster recovery exercises."
        controls:
        - id: ism-1515
          class: ISM-control
          title: "Control: ism-1515"
          props:
          - name: sort-id
            value: "catalog[1].group[16].group[3].group[6].control[1]"
          - name: revision
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: "4"
          - name: updated
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: Dec-23
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: NC
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: OS
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: P
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: S
          - name: applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: TS
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML1
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML2
          - name: essential-eight-applicability
            ns: https://cyber.gov.au/ns/ism/oscal/3.0
            value: ML3
          parts:
          - id: ism-1515_smt
            name: statement
            prose: "Restoration of data, applications and settings from backups to a common point in time is tested as part of disaster recovery exercises."
  back-matter:
    resources:
    - uuid: 02fb4cb5-e4c4-4097-97a2-f1b6aa04131a
      title: Patching applications and operating systems
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/protecting-devices-systems/system-administration/patching-applications-and-operating-systems
    - uuid: 0508be6f-cb97-44da-b212-42416a0048b0
      title: random dice roller
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.random.org/dice/?num=5
    - uuid: 065263a6-4634-4a52-bd3f-48b83bf437d8
      title: "Managing the risks of legacy IT: Executive guidance"
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/protecting-devices-systems/legacy-it-management/managing-the-risks-of-legacy-it-executive-guidance
    - uuid: 089badd3-ed47-4597-8b1f-bce3e42f4ac4
      title: "Managing the risks of legacy IT: Practitioner guidance"
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/protecting-devices-systems/legacy-it-management/managing-the-risks-of-legacy-it-practitioner-guidance
    - uuid: 0a1508c0-b062-4d85-8ded-a95316e17a3a
      title: command line process logging
      rlinks:
      - href: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-au/windows-server/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing
    - uuid: 0bf3a1ef-031a-419b-80c3-08a08b1cee9d
      title: Microsoft Security Baselines Blog
      rlinks:
      - href: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/category/security-baselines/blog/microsoft-security-baselines
    - uuid: 131048c7-a2e7-4da3-9257-7a058b06c1f8
      title: Secure administration
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/protecting-devices-systems/system-administration/secure-administration
    - uuid: 18203e18-2aca-492e-be44-770b2f47242f
      title: AV-TEST
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.av-test.org/en/
    - uuid: 1dbda98a-4e8b-4a52-b4f7-9d1a895fd324
      title: "Priority logs for SIEM ingestion: Practitioner guidance"
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/detecting-responding-to-threats/event-logging/implementing-siem-soar-platforms/priority-logs-for-siem-ingestion-practitioner-guidance
    - uuid: 1e4a57a2-2832-441d-8ea4-12a98d2be417
      title: Australian Privacy Principles guidelines
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.oaic.gov.au/privacy/australian-privacy-principles/australian-privacy-principles-guidelines
    - uuid: 348be728-4459-4447-990e-1dfb3049c71f
      title: data retention
      rlinks:
      - href: https://www.naa.gov.au/information-management/records-authorities/types-records-authorities/afda-express-version-2-functions
    - uuid: 3a1a00f6-2f56-4d04-b99d-6f1682b95a98
      title: detect or prevent various stages of network intrusions
      rlinks:
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